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Cloud SIEM Rules Syntax

This topic describes commonly used Cloud SIEM rules language functions. Rules language functions are used in Cloud SIEM rule expressions. For information about rules and rule expressions, see About Cloud SIEM Rules.

Sumo Logic core platform literals supported in Cloud SIEM

The following Sumo Logic core platform literals are supported in Cloud SIEM rule expressions. For more information about these literals, see Field Expressions.

Rules language functions

Following are rules language functions commonly used in Cloud SIEM rule expressions.

Many of these functions are similar to those used in search queries. For more information, see Search Query Language.

&&

The double ampersand (&&) operator is equivalent to a logical AND operator.

||  

A logical OR. 

!

The exclamation point (!) function is equivalent to a logical NOT operator.

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of the device_ip is not 0.0.0.0:

    device_ip != '0.0.0.0'

  • The following expression returns "true":

    !(null)

-

The dash (-) function is a subtraction operator.

Example

The following expression returns the difference between the length of the dns_query and the dns_queryDomain field values:

(length(dns_query) - length(dns_queryDomain)) 

/

The forward slash (/) operator performs floating-point division between two expressions. 

Syntax

expr1 / expr2

Example

The following expression divides error_count by user_count:

error_count / user_count

/* */

The forward slash and asterisk characters (/* */) comment out lines.

For Cloud SIEM rules, two forward slashes (//) are not supported for commenting out lines. Two forward slashes are allowed in Sumo Logic core platform, however, for comments in search queries.

Syntax

/* */

Example

/* This is a comment. */

<

The less than (<) character returns “true” if the expression is less than the other expression.

Syntax

expr1 < expr2

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of srcPort is less than the value of dstPort:

    srcPort < dstPort

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null < 10

  • The following expression returns "false":

    10 < null

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null < null

<=

The is less than or equal to (<=) character returns true if the expression is less than or equal to the other expression.

Syntax

srcPort <= dstPort

Example

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of dstPort is less than or equal to 6669:

    dstPort <= 6669

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null <= 10

  • The following expression returns "false":

    10 <= null

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null <= null

=

The equal to (=) function returns “true” if the expressions are equal, or "false" if either expression is null.  

Syntax

expr1 = expr2 

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true":

    "foo" = "foo"
     

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null = "foo"
     

  • The following expression returns "false":

    "foo" = null
     

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null = null

==

The double equal sign (==) function returns “true” if the two expressions are equal. The two expressions must be the same type, and must be a type that can be used in an equality comparison. For complex types such as array and struct, the data types of fields must be orderable.

Syntax

expr1 == expr2

>

The greater than (>) function returns “true” if one expression is greater than the other expression.

Syntax

expr1 > expr2 

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of the severity field is greater than 6:

    severity > '6'

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null > 10

  • The following expression returns "false":

    10 > null

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null > null
     

>=

The greater than or equal to (>=) function returns “true” if one expression is greater than or equal to another expression.

Syntax

expr1 >= expr2 

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true" if the srcPort is greater than or equal to dstPort:

    srcPort >= dstPort

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null >= 10

  • The following expression returns "false":

    10>= null

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null >= null

+

The plus sign (+) function adds the value of two or more expressions.

Syntax

expr1 + expr2 

Example

The following example adds the value of the errorCount_x  field to the value of the errorCount_y  field:

errorCount_x + errorCount_y

*

The asterisk (*) returns the  product  of two expressions.

Syntax

expr1 *  expr2

abs

Calculates the absolute value of the supplied argument.

Syntax

abs(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "1.5":

abs(-1.5)

acos

Returns the inverse cosine of the supplied argument.

Syntax

acos(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0":

acos(1

anyHttpHeaderMatches

Checks if any HTTP header in the supplied map matches a given regex. 

Syntax

anyHttpHeaderMatches(<map_field>, <regex_string>)

Example

anyHttpHeaderMatches(request_headers, 'sumo logic')
 

asciiToHex

Casts an ASCII string to a hexadecimal string. This is equivalent to toHex in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

  • asciiToHex(<ascii_string>)
  • asciiToHex(<ascii_field>)

asin

Returns the inverse sine of the supplied argument.

Syntax

asin(<x>)

Example

The following example returns "1.5707963267948966":

asin(1)

atan

Returns the inverse tangent of the supplied argument.

Syntax

atan(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns the inverse tangent of 1, which is "0.78540":

atan(1)

atan2

Returns the four-quadrant inverse tangent of the two arguments supplied.

Syntax

atan2(<b>, <c>)

Example

The following expression returns "3.141592653589793" (pi):

atan2(0, -1)

array_contains

Returns “true” if a specified array contains a particular value. 

Cloud SIEM rules use array_contains statements to look for a value in a Record field. This is useful if you want to check a Record’s listMatches field for Match Lists or threat intel list matches. You can also check the contents of the fieldTags field to see if matches a keyword tag or schema key tag value.

Syntax for matching to lists

The syntax for checking for the existence of a Match List name or a threat intel list name in a Record’s listMatches field is: 

array_contains(listMatches, 'match_list_name')

where:

  • list_name is the name of a Match List or a threat intel list
note

When you reference a threat intel list using array_contains, you must substitute underscores for spaces in the threat intel list name.

Syntax for matching to a keyword tag

The syntax for checking to see if the the fieldsTag field contains a particular keyword tag is:

array_contains(fieldTags["user_username"], "keyword-tag")

where:

  • field is the name of a Record field
  • keyword-tag is a keyword tag

Syntax for matching to a schema key tag

The syntax for checking to see if the the fieldTag field contains a particular schema key tag is:

array_contains(fieldTags["user_username"], "schema-key:schema-value")

where:

  • field is the name of a Record field
  • schema-key is the name of a schema key tag
  • schema-value is the value of a schema key tag

Example

This example checks to see if the listMatches field contains the value “vuln_scanners” (the name of a Cloud SIEM Match List). 

array_contains(listMatches, 'vuln_scanners')

base64Decode

Casts a base64 string to an ASCII string, encoded as UTF-8. This is equivalent to fromBase64 in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

base64Decode("<string>")

base64Decode(<string_field>)

base64Encode 

Takes an ASCII string and converts it to a base64 string. This is equivalent to toBase64 in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

base64Encode("<string>")

base64Encode(<string_field>)

between

Returns “true” if the value of an expression falls within a specified range. 

Syntax

expr between value1 and value2

Example

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of metadata_deviceEventId is between “2000000” and “2999999”:

    metadata_deviceEventId between '2000000' and '2999999'

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null BETWEEN 1 and 10

  • The following expression returns "false":

    1 BETWEEN null and 10

  • The following expression returns "false":

    10 BETWEEN 1 and null

cbrt

Returns the cube root value of the argument.

Syntax

cbrt(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "2":

cbrt(8)

ceil

The ceil operator rounds up a field value to the nearest integer value.

Syntax

ceil(<x>)

Examples

  • The following expression returns "2":

    ceil(1.5)

  • The following expression returns "-1":

    ceil(-1.5)

compareCIDRPrefix

Compares two IPv4 addresses and returns true if the network prefixes match.

Syntax

compareCIDRPrefix("<ip_addr1>", "<ip_addr2>", "<prefix_length>")

Example

The following expression returns "true":

compareCIDRPprefix("10.10.1.35", "10.10.1.100", "24")

concat

Allows you to concatenate or join multiple strings, numbers, and fields into a single string.

Syntax

concat(<field1>, <field2>[, <field3>, ...])

Example

The following example returns "1/1/2020":

concat(1, "/", 1, "/", 2020)

contains

Compares string values of two fields and returns a boolean result based on whether the second field's value exists in the first.

Syntax

contains(<field1>, <field2>)

note

Sumo Logic core platform supports additional two forms of contains syntax. Cloud SIEM supports only the form shown here. 

cos

Returns the cosine of the argument in radians.

Syntax

cos(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.5403023058681398":

cos(1)

cosh

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the argument in radians.

Syntax

cosh(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "1.54308":

cosh(1)

decToHex

Converts a long value of 16 or fewer digits to a hexadecimal string using Two's Complement for negative values.

Syntax

decToHex("<long_string>")

Example

The following expression returns "1337":

decToHex(“4919”)

exp

Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of x.

Syntax

exp(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "2.7182818284590455":

exp(1)

expm1

Returns value of x in exp(x)-1, compensating for the roundoff in exp(x).

Syntax

expm1(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.10517091807564763":

expm1(0.1)

floor

Rounds down to the largest previous integer value. Returns the largest integer not greater than x. This is equivalent to int in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

floor(<x>)

Examples

  • floor(1.5) as v Sets v to the value “1”
  • floor(-1.5) as v  Sets v to the value “-2”

getCIDRPrefix

Extracts the network prefix from an IPv4 address. 

Syntax

getCIDRPrefix("<ip_addr>", "<prefix_length>")

Example

The following expression returns "10.10.1.0":

getCIDRPrefix("10.10.1.35", "24")

haversine

Returns the distance between latitude and longitude values of two coordinates in kilometers.

Syntax

haversine(<latitude1>, <longitude1>, <latitude2>, <longitude2>)

Example

The following expression returns "3512.71":

haversine(39.04380, -77.48790, 45.73723, -119.81143)

hexToAscii 

Converts a hexadecimal string to an ASCII string. This is equivalent to fromHex in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

  • hexToAscii(<hexadecimal_field>)
  • hexToAscii("<hexadecimal string>")

hexToDec

Converts a hexadecimal string of 16 or fewer characters to a long data type using Two's Complement for negative values.

Syntax

hexToDec("<hexadecimal string>")

Example

The following expression returns "4919":

hexToDec("0000000000001337")

hypot

Returns the square root of the sum of an array of squares.

Syntax

hypot(<a>, <b>)

Example

The following expression returns "5":

hypot(3, 4)

if

Evaluates a condition as either true or false, with values assigned for each outcome. It is a shorthand way to express an if-else condition. On the basis of the test, the entire expression returns value_if_true if the condition is true, else value_if_false if the condition is false. The two sub-expressions value_if_true and value_if_false) must have the same type.

You can nest the if operator.

Syntax

if(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Example

| if(status_code matches "5*", 1, 0) as serverError

Here is an example of nesting the if operator.

| if(severity >= 10, "Critical", if(severity >= 5, "Moderate", "Low"))

in

Returns “true” if the value of an expression exists within the specified list of values.

Syntax

expr IN ("value1", [, <value2>, ...])

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of srcDevice_ip is "1.2.3.4" or any of the other specified values:

    srcDevice_ip IN ("1.2.3.4", "2.3.4.5", "3.4.5.6")

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of http_response_code equals "400" or "500"d:

    http_response_statusCode in (400, 500)

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null IN ("value1", "value2", "value3")

ipv4ToNumber

Converts an Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) IP address from the octet dot-decimal format to a decimal format.

Syntax

ipv4ToNumber(<ip_addr>)

Example

The following expression returns "2130706433":

ipv4ToNumber("127.0.0.1")

isBlank

Checks to see if a string contains text. Specifically, it checks to see if a character sequence is whitespace, empty (""), or null. It takes a single parameter and returns a boolean value: “true” if the variable is blank, or “false” if the variable contains a value other than whitespace, empty, or null.

Syntax

isBlank(string)

isEmpty

Checks to see if a string contains no characters or whitespace, and returns a boolean value: “true” if the string contains no characters or whitespace, or “false” otherwise.

Syntax

isEmpty(string)

isNull

Checks to see if a string is null, and returns a boolean value: “true” if the string is null, or “false” if the string is not null.

Syntax

isNull(string)

isNumeric

Checks whether a string is a valid Java number. 

Valid numbers include hexadecimals marked with the 0x or 0X qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and numbers marked with a type qualifier, like 123L.

Syntax

isNumeric("<string>")

isNumeric(<string_field>)

isPrivateIP

Checks if an IPv4 address is private and returns a boolean.

Syntax

isPrivateIP("<IPv4_string>")

Example

The following expression returns "true":

isPrivateIP("192.168.0.1")

isPublicIP

Checks if an IPv4 address is public and returns a boolean.

Syntax

isPublicIP("<IPv4_string>")

Example

The following expression returns "false":

isPublicIP("10.255.255.255")

isValidIP

Checks if the input string is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.

Syntax

isValidIP("<IP_string>")

Examples

  • The following expression returns "true":

    isValidIP("10.255.255.255")

  • The following expression returns "false":

    isValidIP("127.0.500.1")

isValidIPv4

Checks if the input string is a valid IPv4 address.

Syntax

isValidIPv4("<IP_string>")

Example

The following expression returns "true":

isValidIPv4("10.10.10.10")

isValidIPv6

Checks if the input string is a valid IPv6 address.

Syntax

isValidIPv6("<IP_string>")

Example

The following expression returns "false":

isValidIPv6("10.10.10.10")

jsonArrayContains 

Returns “true” if a specified field contains a particular value. This is equivalent to array_contains in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

jsonArrayContains(field, “value”)

Example

| where jsonArrayContains(field, “vuln_scanner”)

jsonArraySize 

Returns the length of a string. Returns -1 if null. This is equivalent to size in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

jsonArraySize(field) > value

Example

| where jsonArraySize(field) > 5

json

Extracts values from JSON logs with selected JSONPath expressions. See Supported JSONPath syntax elements below.

You can use the json operator allows to extract:

  • Single, top-level fields
  • Multiple fields
  • Nested keys
  • Keys in arrays

The primary use case for the json operator in Cloud SIEM match expressions is to access unmapped message fields that are contained in the Cloud SIEM fields attribute.

Syntax

| json field=<field_name> "<name_or_key>"[, "<name_or_key>", ...] [as <field> ...]

Supported JSONPath syntax elements

JSONPathDescription
$The root object or element.
. or []Child operator.
*Wildcard. All objects or elements regardless of their names.

Syntax notes

  • In Sumo Logic core platform, you can use the json operator without specifying a field to parse, in which case the operation is performed against the _raw field.
note

Currently, to use the json operator in Cloud SIEM you must supply a field and an alias, as shown in the syntax above. Currently, the json operator is the only Sumo Logic search operator that you can use an alias with in Cloud SIEM.

  • As part of the ingestion process, the fields field in Cloud SIEM is mapped to the _raw field in Sumo Logic core platform.  For easy copy/paste functionality, Cloud SIEM accepts _raw as an alias to fields.

  • The pipe character before the first json clause is optional.

  • You can use multiple json clauses in a query.

  • You can use only one where clause per query.

  • Cloud SIEM doesn’t support all of the json operator syntax options that Sumo Logic core platform does, but you can do things like:

    • | json field=fields "foo.bar['baz']" as nestedKey

    • | json field=fields "foo[0]" as indexKey

    • | json field=fields "foo[*]" as asteriskKey

      Works for arrays, not maps.

    • | json field=fields "['foo.bar']" as topLevelKey

      This is a top-level key named `foo.bar`.

Examples

| json field=fields "foo" as alias
| where toInt(alias) > 5
| json field=fields "packetsSent" as packets_sent
| json field=fields "packetsReceived" as packets_received
| where toInt(packets_sent) != toInt(packets_received)

The second query shown above is equivalent to the following Cloud SIEM syntax. 

int(fields['packetsSent']) != int(fields['packetsReceived'])

length

Returns the number of characters in a string. If the string is null, it returns 0.

Syntax

length(string) 

Examples

  • The following expression returns "10":

    length("sumo logic")

  • The following expression returns "0":

    length(null)

like

Compares a string to a pattern, and returns “true” if the string matches the pattern, null if any arguments are null, and “false” otherwise. Patterns can contain regular characters as well as wildcards. Wildcard characters can be escaped using the single character specified for the ESCAPE parameter. Matching is case sensitive.

Syntax

str like pattern [ ESCAPE 'escape_character' ]

where:

  • str is a string expression

  • pattern is a string expression, which is matched literally, except for the following wildcard symbols:

    • _ represents a single character 
    • % Represents zero, one, or multiple characters

If pattern or escape_character is null, the expression evaluates to null.

Examples

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null LIKE “%foo%”

  • The following expression returns "false":

    “foo” LIKE null

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of bro_rdp_cookie matches %admin%:

    bro_rdp_cookie like '%admin%'

  • In the following expression, the string '%SystemDrive%\Users\John' has to match the pattern '\%SystemDrive\%\\Users%' to return “true”.

    '%SystemDrive%\Users\John' like '\%SystemDrive\%\\Users%'
     

log

Returns the natural logarithm of the argument.

Syntax

log(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.6931471805599453":

log(2)

log10

Returns the base-10 logarithm of the argument.

Syntax

log10(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.3010299956639812":

log10(2)

log1p

Calculates log(1+x) accurately for small values of x.

Syntax

log1p(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.09531017980432487":

log1p(0.1)

luhn

Uses Luhn’s algorithm to check message logs for strings of numbers that may be credit card numbers and then validates them.

Syntax

luhn(<string>")

Example

  • The following expression returns "true":

    luhn("6666-7777-6666-8888")

  • The following expression returns "false":

    luhn("0000000000000131")

maskFromCIDR

A utility function that returns a subnet mask for boolean operations with IPv4 addresses.

Syntax

maskFromCIDR("<prefix_length>")

Example

The following expression returns "255.255.255.252":

maskFromCIDR("30")

matches

Can be used to match a string to a wildcard pattern or an RE2 compliant regex. The operator returns a boolean value; the operator can be used with where or if operators.

Syntax

  • where <string expression> matches <pattern>
  • where <string expression> matches /<regex>/
  • where !(<string expression> matches <pattern>)
note

<string expression> is case-sensitive and can be provided as a field.

Examples

  • where foo matches "*bar*" (This example is equivalent to foo LIKE '%bar%' in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.)
  • where foo matches /.*bar.*/ (This example is equivalent to foo RLIKE '.*bar.*' in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.)

num

Casts string data to a number.

Syntax

num(string)

number

Casts string data to a number.

Syntax

number()

rlike

The rlike function returns “true” if a string matches a specified regular expression. If there is no match, the function returns “false”,

Syntax

str rlike regexp

where:

  • str is a string expression.
  • regexp is a Java regular expression.

Examples

  • The following expression returns "false":

    null RLIKE “.*foo.*”

  • The following expression returns "false":

    “foo” RLIKE null

  • The following expression returns "true" if the value of the dns_query field matches the regular expression [A-Za-z2-7]{60,}:

    dns_query rlike '[A-Za-z2-7]{60,}' 

round

Rounds the function to N decimal places. If the second argument is not provided, it will round to the nearest integer.

Syntax

round(<x> [,<y>])

Examples

  • The following expression returns "2":

    round(1.5)

  • The following expression returns "1.55":

    round(1.549, 2)

sin

Returns the sine of the argument in radians.

Syntax

sin(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.8414709848078965":

sin(1)

sinh

Returns the hyperbolic sine of the argument in radians.

Syntax

sinh(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "1.1752011936438014":

sinh(1)

size

Returns the number of elements in the input array.

Syntax

size(<array_field>)

Example

size(listMatches) > 5

sqrt

Returns the square root of the argument.

Syntax

sqrt(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "2":

sqrt(4)

substring

Allows you to specify an offset that will output only part of a string, referred to as a substring. You can use this operator to output just a part of a string instead of the whole string, for example, if you wanted to output an employee’s initials instead of their whole name.

Syntax

  • substring(<sourceString>, <startOffset>, <endOffset>)

  • substring(<sourceString>, <startOffset>)

Rules

  • The startOffset must be a non-negative integer and less than the length of the sourceString.
  • The endOffset must be a non-negative integer that is equal to or greater than startOffset.
  • If the endOffset is not specified, the substring is taken from the startOffset until the very end of the sourceString.
  • The endOffset may be equal to or greater than the length of the sourceString, but it would behave the same as if the user did not specify an endOffset.

Examples

  • The following expression returns "world!":

    substring("Hello world!", 6)

  • The following expression returns "Sumo":

    substring("Sumo Logic", 0, 4)

  • The following expression returns "Sumo Logic":

    substring("Sumo Logic", 0, 100)

tan

Returns the tangent of the argument in radians.

Syntax

tan(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "1.5574077246549023":

tan(1)

tanh

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the argument in radians.

Syntax

tanh(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "0.76159":

tanh(1)

toDegrees

Converts angles from radians to degrees.

Syntax

toDegrees(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "90 (asin(1) is pi / 2)":

toDegrees(asin(1))

toDouble

Casts string data to the double data type.

**Syntax **

toDouble(<field>)

toFloat 

Casts a string to a floating point number. This is equivalent to float in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

float(<field>)

toInt 

Casts a string to an integer. This is equivalent to int in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

int (<field>)

toLong

Casts string data to the long data type.

**Syntax **

toLong(<field>)

toLowerCase 

Converts a string to all lower case letters. This is equivalent to lower in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

toLowerCase(<string>)

toRadians

Converts angles from radians to degrees.

Syntax

toRadians(<x>)

Example

The following expression returns "3.141592653589793" (pi):

toRadians(180)

toUpperCase 

Converts a string to all uppercase letters. This is equivalent to upper in the Cloud SIEM rules syntax.

Syntax

toUpperCase(<string>)

trim

Eliminates leading and trailing spaces from a string field.

Syntax

trim(" <string expression> ")

Example

The following expression returns "Hello World":

trim("  Hello World  ")

urldecode

Decodes a URL you include in a query, returning the decoded (unescaped) URL string.

Syntax

urldecode("<url string>")

Example

The following expression returns "http://yourmainserver-city55555.org/...iWS7o3KLdfg90&":

urldecode("http%3A%2F%2Fyourmainserver-city55555.org%2Ffunctions%2Fmain.php%3Fgk%3DGk45MgHJhEYx8bPYvGfiWS7o3KLdfg90%26")

urlencode

Encodes the URL into an ASCII character set.

Syntax

urlencode("<url string>")

Example

The following expression returns "http%3A%2F%2Fyourmainserver-city55555.org%2Ffunctions%2Fmain.php%3Fgk%3DGk45MgHJhEYx8bPYvGfiWS7o3KLdfg90%26"

urlencode("http://yourmainserver-city55555.org/...iWS7o3KLdfg90&")

where

Filters results based on the value of a boolean expression.  

Syntax

... | where <boolean expression>

Examples

  • | where jsonArrayContains(field, “vuln_scanner”)

  • | where can be used at the beginning of an expression, as well as on subsequent lines after another syntax element has been used to start a preceding line. For example:

    | json field=fields "foo" as alias
    | where toInt(alias) > 5
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